這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。

　　3、抽象名詞如何處理

　　把抽象名詞按照以下四種方法來應(yīng)對

　　(1)名詞和動(dòng)詞的配合

　　例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

　　巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。

　　(2)用形容詞和名詞之間進(jìn)行配合

　　例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。

　　(3)名詞和句子之間進(jìn)行配合

　　例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。

　　(4)名詞和章之間進(jìn)行配合

　　例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

　　這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

　　4、專有名詞的問題

　　包括人名、地名和專業(yè)術(shù)語

　　(1)熟悉的專有名詞

　　例：Galileo''s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

　　伽利略的最光輝業(yè)績在于他在1609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的

　　(2)不太熟悉的專有名詞

　　例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

　　未來學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。

　　(3)復(fù)合性的專有名詞

　　例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

　　巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。

三、動(dòng)詞的處理方法

　　一是常用動(dòng)詞，二是高難動(dòng)詞，三是容易混消的動(dòng)詞，四是動(dòng)詞短語。

　　(1)常用動(dòng)詞

　　例：For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　例如，測試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

　　(2)高難動(dòng)詞

　　例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　這些預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

　　(3)容易混消的動(dòng)詞

　　例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。 翻譯公司 (責(zé)任編輯：世博翻譯公司)