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雙語丨《中國的民主》白皮書（二）
Unitrans世聯(lián)
二、具有科學(xué)有效的制度安排
A Sound Institutional Framework在中國，國家各項制度都是圍繞人民當(dāng)家作主構(gòu)建的，國家治理體系都是圍繞實現(xiàn)人民當(dāng)家作主運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，全過程人民民主具有完整的制度程序。這些制度程序，形成了全面、廣泛、有機(jī)銜接的人民當(dāng)家作主制度體系，構(gòu)建了多樣、暢通、有序的民主渠道，有效保證了黨的主張、國家意志、人民意愿相統(tǒng)一，有效保證了人民當(dāng)家作主。
In China, the people’s status as masters of the country is the bedrock of all the systems of the country, and underlies the operation of all the systems for state governance. Whole-process people’s democracy involves complete institutional procedures. These well-coordinatedand comprehensive institutional procedures serve to put into place diverse, open, and well-organized democratic channels to ensure that the Party’s policies and the state will are integrated with the people’s aspirations, and that the people are masters of the country.1 實行人民民主專政的國體The Governing System of the People’s Democratic Dictatorship
中國是工人階級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。人民民主專政，體現(xiàn)中國的國家根本性質(zhì)。The Constitution describes China as a socialist country governed by a people’s democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. The fundamental nature of the state is defined by the people’s democratic dictatorship.中國堅持民主與專政有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，保證了人民當(dāng)家作主。一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“民主”，堅持國家的一切權(quán)力屬于人民，保證人民依照憲法和法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會事務(wù)；另一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“專政”，充分履行國家政權(quán)的專政職能，依法打擊破壞社會主義制度、顛覆國家政權(quán)、危害國家安全和公共安全等各種犯罪行為，維護(hù)法律尊嚴(yán)和法律秩序，保護(hù)國家和人民利益。民主和專政不是矛盾的，都是為了保證人民當(dāng)家作主。打擊極少數(shù)是為了保護(hù)大多數(shù)，實行專政是為了實現(xiàn)民主。China upholds the unity of democracy and dictatorship to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. On the one hand, all power of the state belongs to the people to ensure that they administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the Constitution and laws; on the other hand, China takes resolute action against any attempt to subvert the country’s political power or endanger public or state security, to uphold the dignity and order of law and safeguard the interests of the people and the state. Democracy and dictatorship appear to be a contradiction in terms, but together they ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. A tiny minority is sanctioned in the interests of the great majority, and “dictatorship” serves democracy.2 實行人民代表大會制度的政體The Governing Structure of the System of People’s Congresses
人民代表大會制度，是適應(yīng)人民民主專政國體的政權(quán)組織形式，是中國的根本政治制度，是中國人民當(dāng)家作主的根本途徑和最高實現(xiàn)形式，是實現(xiàn)全過程人民民主的重要制度載體。人民代表大會制度，堅持國家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，最大限度保障人民當(dāng)家作主，把黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，有效保證國家治理跳出治亂興衰的歷史周期率。人民代表大會制度，正確處理事關(guān)國家前途命運(yùn)的一系列重大政治關(guān)系，實現(xiàn)國家統(tǒng)一有效組織各項事業(yè)，維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一和民族團(tuán)結(jié)，有效保證國家政治生活既充滿活力又安定有序。The system of people’s congresses, an organizational form of political power compatible with the governing system of the people’s democratic dictatorship, is China’s fundamental political system, and the ultimate approach and optimal solution to guaranteeing the people’s status as masters of the country. It is also an important institutional support to whole-process people’s democracy. Under this system, all power of the state belongs to the people to guarantee their status as masters of the country. At the same time, it integrates the Party’s leadership, the people’s principal position, and the rule of law, to help the country avoid the historical cycle of rise and fall of ruling orders apparent through the centuries of imperial dynasty. Under this system, all the major political relationships with a bearing on the nation’s future are properly managed, and all social undertakings operate under the effective centralized organization of the state. This maintains national unity and ethnic solidarity, and ensures that vigor, stability and order prevail in the country’s political life.人民通過人民代表大會有效行使國家權(quán)力。人民代表大會代表人民統(tǒng)一行使國家權(quán)力，全國人民代表大會是最高國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，地方人民代表大會是地方國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。各級國家行政機(jī)關(guān)、監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會產(chǎn)生，對人大負(fù)責(zé)、受人大監(jiān)督。人民代表大會有立法權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)、決定權(quán)、任免權(quán)。全國人民代表大會及其常務(wù)委員會行使國家立法權(quán)，全國人民代表大會行使修改憲法以及制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機(jī)構(gòu)的和其他的基本法律的權(quán)力；全國人民代表大會對國家主席、副主席，國務(wù)院總理、副總理及其他組成人員，中央軍事委員會主席及其他組成人員，國家監(jiān)察委員會主任，最高人民法院院長，最高人民檢察院檢察長行使人事任免權(quán)；全國人民代表大會對事關(guān)國家發(fā)展、人民利益的重大問題，包括國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展計劃和計劃執(zhí)行情況的報告、國家的預(yù)算和預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況的報告行使審查和批準(zhǔn)權(quán)等；全國人民代表大會及其常務(wù)委員會行使對憲法實施、“一府一委兩院”工作等的監(jiān)督權(quán)。地方各級人民代表大會及其常務(wù)委員會依法行使相應(yīng)職權(quán)。人民代表大會制度，實現(xiàn)了廣泛民主，使各級人民代表大會有高度的權(quán)力，保證了人民掌握和行使國家權(quán)力，國家和民族前途命運(yùn)牢牢掌握在人民手中。The people exercise state power effectively through people’s congresses; people’s congresses exercise state power collectively on behalf of the people. The National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses at all levels are local agencies of state power. All administrative, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.The people’s congresses have four main functions and powers:•Legislation. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to amend the Constitution and enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offenses, civil affairs, state agencies and other matters;•Appointment and removal of officials. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to appoint or remove the president and vice president(s) of the PRC, the premier, vice premier(s) and other members of the State Council, the chairperson and other members of the Central Military Commission, the chairperson of the National Supervisory Commission, the president of the Supreme People’s Court, and the procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate;•Decision-making. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to examine and approve major issues significant to national development and the interests of the people, such as the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and state budget and the report on its implementation;•Supervision. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the right of overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution and the work of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.Local people’s congresses and their standing committees exercise corresponding powers and functions as prescribed by law. The system of people’s congresses makes extensive democracy possible by empowering people’s congresses at all levels, to ensure that the people hold and exercise state power, and that they keep the nation’s future firmly in their hands.人大代表充分反映人民呼聲。人大代表來自人民，橫向上，來自各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面、各階層；縱向上，全國、省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)五級都有人民代表大會，具有廣泛代表性。截至2020年底，全國共有人大代表262萬名，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人大代表占代表總數(shù)的94.5%。人大代表充分發(fā)揮植根人民的優(yōu)勢，依法認(rèn)真履職盡責(zé)，通過各種形式和渠道聽取和反映人民群眾的意見建議。一年一度的各級人民代表大會會議，鄉(xiāng)、縣、市、省、全國自下而上、逐級召開，使得人民群眾意愿和呼聲能夠真實反映、向上傳遞。改革開放以來，每年的全國人大會議上，近3000名全國人大代表共商國家發(fā)展大計、共議民生熱點問題，黨和國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人當(dāng)面傾聽意見建議，讓人民的所思所盼融入國家發(fā)展頂層設(shè)計。各國家機(jī)關(guān)依法認(rèn)真研究辦理人大代表提出的議案、建議，許多被吸納進(jìn)政策決策中。The deputies to people’s congresses are fully representative of the people. They come from all regions, ethnic groups, sectors and social groups, and function at national, provincial, city, county and township levels. At the end of 2020, 2.62 million people were serving as deputies to people’s congresses at all levels nationwide. Among them, those at county and township levels accounted for 94.5 percent of the total. Making full use of their close connections with the people, these deputies diligently fulfill their duties by soliciting and submitting the people’s suggestions and advice through various forms and channels.The annual people’s congresses are first held from the grassroots upwards at township, county, city, and provincial levels and then at the highest national level, to take full cognizance of the people’s aspirations and report them to upper levels. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, about 3,000 NPC deputies have gathered in the presence of the Party and state leaders at the NPC session each year to discuss plans for national development and problems affecting people’s lives, and to put the people’s expectations at the top of the agenda on state matters. Many of the motions and proposals put forward by deputies have been carefully reviewed and then included into policy decisions of state organs.人民代表大會制度，為中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民有效治理國家提供了重要制度保障。黨通過人民代表大會制度，使黨的主張通過法定程序成為國家意志，使黨組織推薦的人選通過法定程序成為國家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員，通過國家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)實施黨對國家和社會的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，維護(hù)黨和國家權(quán)威、維護(hù)全黨全國團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一。實踐充分證明，人民代表大會制度是符合中國國情和實際、體現(xiàn)社會主義國家性質(zhì)、保證人民當(dāng)家作主、保障實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的好制度，必須長期堅持、全面貫徹、不斷發(fā)展。The system of people’s congresses has provided institutional guarantee for the CPC to lead the people in effectively running the country. It enables the Party to turn its proposals into state policies, and to place the candidates recommended by Party organizations into positions as state leaders through statutory procedures. It also empowers the organs of state governance to exercise the Party’s leadership over the country and society, to uphold the authority of the Party and the state, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of the Party and the country. The system of people’s congresses is the optimal choice, in accord with China’s national conditions and realities. It embodies the socialist nature of the state and guarantees the people’s principal position and national rejuvenation. It must be fully implemented, further enriched, and maintained as a long-term institution.3 堅持和完善中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度The System of Multiparty Cooperation and Political Consultation Under CPC Leadership
中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。這一制度植根中國土壤、彰顯中國智慧，又積極借鑒和吸收人類政治文明優(yōu)秀成果，是中國新型政黨制度。憲法規(guī)定，中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度將長期存在和發(fā)展。
The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is a basic element of China’s political framework. The Constitution stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.” A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements.在中國，除了中國共產(chǎn)黨，還有八個民主黨派。在人民民主的共同旗幟下，中國共產(chǎn)黨與各民主黨派長期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共，形成了中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度這一具有鮮明中國特色和顯著優(yōu)勢的新型政黨制度。中國共產(chǎn)黨是執(zhí)政黨，八個民主黨派是接受中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、同中國共產(chǎn)黨親密合作的參政黨，是中國共產(chǎn)黨的好參謀、好幫手、好同事。在中國，沒有反對黨，也沒有在野黨。中國既不是一黨專政，也不是多黨競爭、輪流執(zhí)政，而是“共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、多黨派合作，共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政、多黨派參政”。In China, there are no opposition parties. But China’s political party system is not a system of one-party rule. Nor is it one in which multiple parties vie for power and govern in turn. It is a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power. In addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties. The other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.Under the shared banner of people’s democracy, and respecting the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other parties have created a new political party system with distinctive Chinese features and strengths.The CPC is the governing party, and the other parties accept its leadership. They cooperate closely with the CPC and function as its advisors and assistants.中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士以會議協(xié)商、約談協(xié)商、書面協(xié)商等形式，就國家和地方重大政策和重要事務(wù)進(jìn)行協(xié)商。中國共產(chǎn)黨自覺接受各民主黨派、無黨派人士的民主監(jiān)督。中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士在國家政權(quán)中合作共事，民主黨派成員和無黨派人士在各級人大代表、人大常委會組成人員及人大專門委員會成員中均占一定數(shù)量，一些民主黨派成員和無黨派人士擔(dān)任國家機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。各民主黨派、無黨派人士緊緊圍繞國家中心工作，積極參政議政、建言獻(xiàn)策，為國家發(fā)展發(fā)揮作用。Through forums, talks, and written and other forms of consultation, the CPC consults with the other parties and prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party (non-affiliates) on major national and local policies and matters. It willingly accepts the democratic scrutiny of the other parties and the non-affiliates. In the exercise of state power, the CPC works together with the other parties and the nonaffiliates. Members of the other parties and the non-affiliates account for a certain percentage of the total numbers of deputies to people’s congresses, the standing committees of people’s congresses, and the special committees of people’s congresses at all levels. Some of them occupy leading posts in state organs. The other parties and the non-affiliates actively deliberate on and participate in the administration of state affairs. They are valued advisors on key national programs and contributors to the development of the country.中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是實行中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度的重要機(jī)構(gòu)。人民政協(xié)作為專門協(xié)商機(jī)構(gòu)，在協(xié)商中促進(jìn)廣泛團(tuán)結(jié)、推進(jìn)多黨合作、實踐人民民主，既秉承歷史傳統(tǒng)，又反映時代特征，充分體現(xiàn)了中國社會主義民主有事多商量、遇事多商量、做事多商量的特點和優(yōu)勢，是國家治理體系的重要組成部分和具有中國特色的制度安排。在人民政協(xié)制度平臺上，各黨派團(tuán)體、各族各界人士發(fā)揮在界別群眾中的代表作用，通過全體會議、常委會會議、主席會議、專門委員會會議、專題協(xié)商會議、協(xié)商座談會議等，開展提案、委員視察考察、專題調(diào)研、反映社情民意等經(jīng)常性工作，對國家大政方針、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會各領(lǐng)域重要問題，在決策之前和決策實施之中進(jìn)行廣泛協(xié)商、平等協(xié)商、有序協(xié)商、真誠協(xié)商，提出意見建議。中國共產(chǎn)黨采納和集中他們的意見建議，各黨派團(tuán)體、各族各界人士接受黨的主張并在各界別群眾中宣傳解釋黨的方針政策，增信釋疑，最廣泛地反映民意，最充分地集思廣益，最大限度地凝聚共識，鞏固團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的共同思想基礎(chǔ)。全國政協(xié)全體會議與全國人大會議每年同期召開，政協(xié)委員不僅要討論政協(xié)的問題，還要列席全國人大會議，參加對有關(guān)法律修改、“一府兩院”工作報告等的討論，這樣的制度安排真正實現(xiàn)了讓人人起來負(fù)責(zé)、人人監(jiān)督政府工作，形成了具有中國特色的“兩會”式民主。The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a key element of the multiparty mechanism. A specialized body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC promotes unity, strengthens multiparty cooperation, and practices people’s democracy in the process of political consultation. It maintains the traditions of the past, and keeps pace with the times. It reflects the distinctive features and strengths of China’s socialist democracy – problems are solved through consultation. It is a key component of the state governance system, and a distinctively Chinese political institution.Through the institutions of the CPPCC, representatives from all political parties, people’s organizations, ethnic groups, and social sectors engage in political consultation. They carry out their routine duties through mechanisms such as plenary sessions, meetings of the standing committee, meetings of chairpersons, meetings of special committees, forums on specific subjects, and consultative seminars, and make proposals, conduct inspections and field surveys, and report on social conditions and public opinions on a regular basis. In this way, they conduct extensive, constructive consultations on an equal footing and in an orderly manner, and put forward opinions and suggestions on important national strategies and policies and major economic and social matters. The CPC collects these opinions and suggestions and adopts those which are sound, while the other participants accept the Party’s propositions and promote its guidelines and policies. In doing so, they increase trust and dispel doubts, convey the will of the people and draw on their wisdom, and build the broadest consensus, so as to form a shared ideological foundation for collective endeavors.When the annual sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC National Committee (Two Sessions) are held concurrently each year, members of the CPPCC National Committee submit proposals for deliberation. They also sit in on NPC sessions to participate in the discussions on the amendments to laws and on the work reports of the central government, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This mechanism ensures that all the people can play a part in overseeing the work of the government, and forms China’s own model of democracy based on the Two Sessions.中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，真實、廣泛、持久代表和實現(xiàn)最廣大人民根本利益、全國各族各界根本利益，有效避免了舊式政黨制度代表少數(shù)人、少數(shù)利益集團(tuán)的弊端；把各個政黨和無黨派人士緊密團(tuán)結(jié)起來、為著共同目標(biāo)而奮斗，有效避免了一黨缺乏監(jiān)督或者多黨輪流坐莊、惡性競爭的弊端；通過制度化、程序化、規(guī)范化的安排集中各種意見和建議、推動決策科學(xué)化民主化，有效避免了舊式政黨制度囿于黨派利益、階級利益、區(qū)域和集團(tuán)利益決策施政導(dǎo)致社會撕裂的弊端。The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is an extensive and reliable means of representing and fulfilling the interests of the maximum number of people of all ethnic groups and social sectors. It avoids the drawbacks of the old political party system that stood for only a small number of people and interest groups. It unites all political parties and the non-affiliates towards a common goal, effectively mitigating the risks of inadequate oversight in one-party rule, and the problems of continual transfers of governing parties and destructive competition in multiparty political systems. Through standardized institutional procedures and arrangements, it pools ideas and suggestions to ensure informed and democratic decision-making. It avoids the weakness of Western-style political party systems: When making decisions and exercising governance, political parties act in their own interests or the interests of the classes, regions and groups they represent, provoking division in society.4 鞏固和發(fā)展最廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線Broad Patriotic United Front
統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是中國共產(chǎn)黨凝聚人心、匯集力量的重要法寶。在人民民主實踐中，中國共產(chǎn)黨始終把統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線擺在重要位置，堅持大團(tuán)結(jié)大聯(lián)合，堅持一致性和多樣性相統(tǒng)一，統(tǒng)籌做好民主黨派和無黨派人士工作、黨外知識分子工作、民族工作、宗教工作、非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、新的社會階層人士統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、港澳臺統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作、海外統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線工作和僑務(wù)工作，團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的力量、調(diào)動一切可以調(diào)動的積極因素，廣泛凝聚共識，尋求最大公約數(shù)、畫出最大同心圓，不斷促進(jìn)政黨關(guān)系、民族關(guān)系、宗教關(guān)系、階層關(guān)系、海內(nèi)外同胞關(guān)系和諧，最大限度凝聚起中華民族一切智慧和力量。
The united front is an important structure through which the CPC earns popular support and pools strengths. In practicing people’s democracy, the Party has always placed the united front in an important position, striving to achieve great unity and solidarity and balance commonality and diversity. The Party has made coordinated efforts to unite the other political parties, the non-affiliates, intellectuals who are not CPC members, members of ethnic minorities and religious groups, people working in non-public sectors, people belonging to new social groups, compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese and returned Chinese nationals. It has combined all the forces that can be united and mobilized all positive factors to build a broad consensus, expand common ground, and achieve convergence of interests. In order to pool the wisdom and strength of the Chinese nation to the full, it has systematically promoted harmonious relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social groups and between Chinese people at home and overseas.中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是中國人民愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的組織。全國政協(xié)設(shè)34個界別，由中國共產(chǎn)黨、各民主黨派、無黨派人士、人民團(tuán)體、各少數(shù)民族和各界的代表，香港特別行政區(qū)同胞、澳門特別行政區(qū)同胞、臺灣同胞和歸國僑胞的代表以及特別邀請的人士組成。全國政協(xié)十三屆一次會議共有委員2100多人，其中非中共黨員占60.2%。這樣的組織構(gòu)成，體現(xiàn)了大團(tuán)結(jié)大聯(lián)合的重要特征，能夠在熱愛中華人民共和國、擁護(hù)中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、共同致力于實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的政治基礎(chǔ)上，求同存異、聚同化異，最大限度地調(diào)動一切積極因素、團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的人，最大限度凝聚起共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗的強(qiáng)大力量。The CPPCC is an organization of the Chinese people’s patriotic united front. It is composed of representatives from 34 sectors, including the CPC, the other political parties, the non-affiliates, people’s organizations, ethnic minority groups and other sectors, compatriots from the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, returned Chinese nationals, and specially invited public figures. The First Session of the 13th National Committee of the CPPCC was attended by over 2,100 members, 60.2 percent of whom are non-CPC members. This demonstrates its important function as a center of unity and solidarity. It allows us to mobilize all positive factors and forces that cherish patriotism and support the CPC’s leadership, and build a strong alliance for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation by seeking common ground while setting aside differences.5 堅持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度The System of Regional Ethnic Autonomy
中國是統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，始終保持國家完整統(tǒng)一，實現(xiàn)各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，是中國共產(chǎn)黨民族政策的方針宗旨。民族區(qū)域自治制度，是指在國家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)的制度。民族區(qū)域自治制度在憲法以及民族區(qū)域自治法中得到明確，是中國的一項基本政治制度。
China is a unified multiethnic state. The CPC’s ethnic policies are built upon the goals of forging a keen sense of national identity, maintaining territorial integrity and national unification, and achieving common development and prosperity through the joint efforts of all ethnic groups. The system of regional ethnic autonomy means that areas with large ethnic minority populations can practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power of self-government under the unified leadership of the state. This basic political system is specified in the country’s Constitution and its Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy.中國實行民族區(qū)域自治，以領(lǐng)土完整、國家統(tǒng)一為前提和基礎(chǔ)，體現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一與自治的結(jié)合、民族因素與區(qū)域因素的結(jié)合，完全符合中國國情和實際。中國的民族區(qū)域自治，是在國家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的自治，各民族自治地方都是中國不可分離的一部分，民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)都是中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的一級地方政權(quán)，都必須服從中央統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。China’s regional ethnic autonomy is autonomy under the unified leadership of the state. Territorial integrity and national unification are preconditions and foundations for regional ethnic autonomy, which combines unification with autonomy and ethnic factors with regional factors, and are thoroughly suited to China’s realities. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the country, and all autonomous organs of these areas are local governments subject to the unified leadership of the central government.實行民族區(qū)域自治，從制度和政策層面保障了少數(shù)民族公民享有平等自由權(quán)利以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化權(quán)利。155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會中，均有實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長、縣長或旗長，均由實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。中國根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展。Regional ethnic autonomy provides institutional and policy guarantees to ensure that ethnic minority citizens enjoy rights to equality and freedom, and to economic, social and cultural services. On all standing committees of people’s congresses of the 155 ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the local ethnic groups assuming the office of chair or vice chair; all governors, prefectural commissioners, and heads of counties of ethnic autonomous areas are citizens from the ethnic groups. The central government assists all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development based on the characteristics and needs of the ethnic minorities there.民族區(qū)域自治制度，極大增強(qiáng)了各族人民當(dāng)家作主的自豪感責(zé)任感，極大調(diào)動了各族人民共創(chuàng)中華民族美好未來、共享中華民族偉大榮光的積極性主動性創(chuàng)造性。在這一制度框架下，中華民族大團(tuán)結(jié)的局面不斷鞏固，各族人民交往交流交融日益廣泛深入，平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的社會主義民族關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展，56個民族像石榴籽一樣緊緊抱在一起，中華民族共同體意識日益牢固。The system of regional ethnic autonomy has greatly increased the sense of pride and responsibility of people of all ethnic groups and stimulated their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity in jointly steering the course to a bright future. Under this institutional framework, communication and exchanges between ethnic groups, and socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, have expanded. Ethnic unity has been reinforced, and a strong sense of national identity has been forged.6 堅持和完善基層群眾自治制度The System of Community-Level Self-Governance
中國人口多、地域廣，基層治理差異大。中國實行以村民自治制度、居民自治制度和職工代表大會制度為主要內(nèi)容的基層群眾自治制度，人民群眾在基層黨組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和支持下，依法直接行使民主權(quán)利，實現(xiàn)自我管理、自我服務(wù)、自我教育、自我監(jiān)督，有效防止了人民形式上有權(quán)、實際上無權(quán)的現(xiàn)象。
Due to China’s huge population and vast territory, there is great diversity in community-level governance. China applies a system of community-level self-governance represented by villagers autonomy, urban residents autonomy, and employees congresses. Under the leadership and support of community-level Party organizations, local residents directly exercise the democratic right to manage their own affairs by serving the community, undertaking self-education, and exercising public scrutiny. This effectively ensures that the people’s rights are genuinely respected.村（居）民自治。村（居）民在基層黨組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，成立村（居）民委員會，依法直接行使民主權(quán)利，依法管理基層公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)。實行民主選舉，由村（居）民選舉村（居）民委員會組成人員；實行民主協(xié)商，由村（居）民采取多種形式開展協(xié)商議事；實行民主決策，由村（居）民通過村（居）民會議或村（居）民代表會議對社區(qū)公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)等作出決定；實行民主管理，由村（居）民討論決定村（居）民自治章程、村規(guī)民約、居民公約等，并進(jìn)行自我管理；實行民主監(jiān)督，由村（居）民推選產(chǎn)生村（居）務(wù)監(jiān)督委員會，監(jiān)督村（社區(qū)）事務(wù)和村（居）務(wù)公開制度落實。截至2020年底，50.3萬個行政村全部建立了村民委員會，11.2萬個社區(qū)全部建立了居民委員會。Villagers and urban residents exercise self-governance. Under the leadership of community-level Party organizations, residents in China’s rural villages and urban communities establish villagers committees and residents committees, and directly exercise their democratic right to handle public affairs and public services in residential areas to which they belong:•They hold democratic elections in which they elect villagers and residents committees.•They conduct democratic consultation on local affairs in various forms.•They practice democratic decision-making in handling community public affairs and public services through committee meetings and congresses.•They carry out democratic management – they discuss and decide on their own rules on self-governance and codes of conduct and self-regulation, and run their affairs accordingly.•They exercise democratic oversight – they elect village and urban community affairs oversight committees to supervise the handling of their community affairs and guarantee information disclosure.As of the end of 2020, all the 503,000 administrative villages in China had established villagers committees, and all the 112,000 urban communities in the country had established residents committees.企事業(yè)單位職工依法行使民主權(quán)利。企事業(yè)單位建立以職工代表大會為基本形式的民主管理制度，職工在企事業(yè)單位重大決策和涉及職工切身利益等重大事項上發(fā)揮積極作用；企事業(yè)單位推行職工董事、職工監(jiān)事制度，全面實行廠務(wù)公開制度，探索領(lǐng)導(dǎo)接待日、勞資懇談會、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)信箱等形式，反映職工訴求，協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系和保障職工合法權(quán)益，對單位生產(chǎn)和管理提出意見建議，為單位發(fā)展獻(xiàn)計獻(xiàn)策。企業(yè)工會委員會是職工代表大會的工作機(jī)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)階段，中國共有280.9萬個基層工會組織，覆蓋655.1萬個企事業(yè)單位。Employees in enterprises and public institutions exercise democratic rights. Enterprises and public institutions practice a system of democratic management whose basic form is employees congresses, so that workers and staff can play an active role in decision-making on important matters concerning their immediate interests. They are implementing a system of employees serving as board directors and board supervisors. They have all employed a system featuring open access to enterprise affairs and are experimenting with practices that include open days to communicate with leaders, employee-employer consultations, and letters and messages to senior executives. These efforts are designed to mediate labor relations, listen to workers’ voices, protect their lawful rights and interests, and collect complaints and suggestions on the operations, management and development of these entities. Corporate trade union committees are the operating mechanism of employees congresses. At present, there are 2.81 million primary-level trade unions in China, covering 6.55 million enterprises and public institutions.基層民主創(chuàng)新十分活躍。從城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)里的村（居）民議事會、村（居）民論壇、民主懇談會、民主聽證會到黨代表、人大代表、政協(xié)委員聯(lián)合進(jìn)社區(qū)，從“小院議事廳”到“板凳民主”，從線下“圓桌會”到線上“議事群”，中國人民在火熱的基層生活中，摸索創(chuàng)造了一個又一個充滿煙火氣的民主形式。人們通過這些接地氣、聚人氣的民主實踐，圍繞涉及自身利益的實際問題，發(fā)表意見建議，進(jìn)行廣泛協(xié)商，利益得到協(xié)調(diào)，矛盾有效化解，促進(jìn)了基層穩(wěn)定和諧。基層民主許多好的經(jīng)驗做法成為國家政策，為中國民主發(fā)展不斷注入新的動力。Democratic innovations demonstrate great vitality. The Chinese people have explored and initiated numerous popular and pragmatic grassroots practices – residents councils, residents workshops, democratic discussions and hearings, courtyard discussions, neighborhood meetings, offline roundtables and online group chats. They have arranged for representatives of Party committees, deputies to the people’s congresses, and CPPCC members to visit rural and urban communities. All these down-to-earth and pragmatic forms of democracy encourage people to voice their opinions and suggestions and conduct extensive consultation on matters related to their vital interests. This helps to coordinate the interests of multiple stakeholders, mitigate conflict, and maintain social stability and harmony at the grassroots level. Many successful grassroots experiences and practices have eventually turned into national policies, injecting new vitality into the development of China’s democracy.基層群眾自治制度，增強(qiáng)了基層群眾的民主意識和民主能力，培養(yǎng)了基層群眾的民主習(xí)慣，充分彰顯了中國民主的廣泛性和真實性�；鶎尤罕娮灾�，使得社會細(xì)胞都活躍起來，使“微治理”富有活力、更有效率，為建設(shè)人人有責(zé)、人人盡責(zé)、人人享有的基層治理共同體提供了堅實制度保障。The system of community-level self-governance has strengthened the public’s ability to understand and practice democracy, demonstrating that China’s democracy is extensive and genuine. Community-level self-governance energizes all the “cells” of society. 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