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世聯(lián)翻譯公司完成FORAM說(shuō)明英文翻譯
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-15 08:58 點(diǎn)擊：
世聯(lián)翻譯公司完成FORAM說(shuō)明英文翻譯
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487_TextTable_AdditionalSimplifiedChinese_FORAM.doc[05/01/2015] [11:10:04]String count (308); Table count (1)Chinese (Simplified) Text Original_IgnoreContext& 0000SERRS kit 0001Hardware Guides 0002Raman spectroscopy 0003Raman Spectral Comparator 0004Complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No. 50& 0005Welcome to the Foster + Freeman range of FORAM Raman Spectral Comparators 0006This equipment allows you to examine trace deposits by analysing and comparing Raman spectra 0007Calibration standard 0008Wavelength calibration 0009The equipment is calibrated using the Raman spectrum of polystyrene 0010The FORAM software includes a facility to verify the calibration of the equipment 0011National or local standards other than IEC/EN 60825 may require the use of Class 3R laser products to be approved by an authorised Laser Safety Officer 0012See Note 1 0013Manufactured 0014Laser safety 0015Safety requirements 0016Access restrictions 0017Safety interlock connection 0018Laser safety warning signs 0019Recommended 0020Laser Safety Officer 0021The installation and use of this equipment should be approved by the authorised Laser Safety Officer 0022Laser protective eyewear 0023Strongly recommended 0024Remove the key from the key switch when the equipment is not in use 0025Laser specification 0026Embedded laser device 0027CW_ContinuousWave 0028Beam divergence 0029The FORAM main unit contains an embedded laser device of Class 3B 0030The laser beam is enclosed by protective covers which are securely fastened 0031The protective covers do not need to be removed for the normal operation of the instrument 0032Exposure to radiation from the embedded laser can be hazardous to eyes 0033Product class 0034Accessible laser beam power 0035The accessible part of the laser beam path (i.e. the gap between the microscope objective and the sample) is short and is directed vertically downwards 0036The FORAM main unit complies with all safety requirements for this class of laser product 0037Safety of Laser Products 0038Equipment classification and requirements 0039Although laser protective eyewear is not required during normal use of the equipment, laser light reflected from a very smooth and shiny sample can cause temporary dazzle 0040Do not resist the natural aversion response (the blink reflex) in the event of inadvertent exposure to reflected laser light 0041Do not exchange microscope objectives without first switching off the equipment 0042Invisible IR Radiation 0043Avoid direct eye exposure 0044Direct exposure to the laser beam is hazardous to the eye and should be avoided 0045Laser safety labels 0046External labels 0047Laser radiation 0048Class 3R Laser Product 0049Invisible laser radiation 0050Class 3B Laser Product 0051Laser radiation output and standards 0052Max output 0053Laser aperture 0054Laser on 0055Internal labels 0056Class 3B laser radiation when open 0057Class 3B invisible laser radiation when open 0058Labels are visible only during servicing 0059For continuous protection against fire, replace fuses with those of the same type/rating 0060Local connection 0061Before attempting to use the equipment, allow sufficient time for the FORAM main unit to stabilise 0062Ferrite filter 0063Connect the cables so that the ferrite filters are nearest to the FORAM main unit 0064Using the Micropipette to apply one of the SERRS Reagents 0065Without SERRS, fluorescence can mask the peaks in the Raman spectrum 0066Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering 0067SERRS_SurfaceEnhancedResonanceRamanScat 0068When subjected to laser irradiation during examination with the FORAM, certain types of material fluoresce strongly, resulting in the emission of light over a broad-band of wavelengths 0069In such cases, the Raman peaks appear against a high fluorescence baseline and become difficult to identify 0070Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) is a technique that involves applying a thin layer of a Gold colloid to the sample prior to recording the Raman spectrum 0071By both reducing the amount of fluorescence and enhancing the Raman emission, the treatment can dramatically improve the resulting Raman spectrum 0072Using the SERRS Kit 0073Micropipette 0074Filling/dispensing plunger 0075Disposable tip 0076Volume adjustment knob 0077Volume setting 0078Tip ejector 0079microlitre 0080Attach a clean tip to the pipette 0081Remove the vials of reagents from their refrigerated storage 0082Shake the vials of SERRS reagents 0083Reagents may settle out of suspension after prolonged storage 0084Depress the plunger until slight resistance is felt (only a small distance) 0085Dip the tip into the poly-l-lysine solution 0086Release the plunger 0087Apply the tip to the region of the ink or pigment from which the Raman spectrum is required 0088Depress the plunger fully 0089Allow the treated area to dry for several minutes 0090Remove the pipette tip by pressing the tip ejector 0091Repeat steps #2 – #5 using the gold colloid 0092Return the vials of reagents to their refrigerated storage 0093Record the Raman spectrum in the usual way 0094Reducing the optical collection efficiency 0095Following treatment with the SERRS Reagents, some samples produce extremely intense Raman emission 0096In these cases, the intensity of some spectral peaks may exceed the maximum that can be measured 0097It may therefore become necessary to reduce the collection efficiency of the optical system 0098Use the x10 microscope objective in place of the x20 objective 0099Hardware Guide 0100Laser intensity control 0101If fitted 0102Sample 0103The FORAM is a compact PC-based Raman spectrometer intended for the examination of a variety of trace evidence 0104Inks 0105Pigments 0106Paint chips 0107Polymers 0108Drugs 0109Different versions of the FORAM are available, each of which operates at a different laser excitation wavelength 0110The sample of evidence is placed on the translation stage under the chosen objective lens and a region of interest selected with the aid of the integral video camera 0111By irradiating the sample with a high intensity laser beam, Raman emission is stimulated which is then analysed in a spectrometer and presented to the user as a spectrum 0112The peaks within the Raman spectrum are characteristic of the molecular composition of the sample 0113Microscope objective lens 0114XYZ translation stage 0115Laser diode 0116Diffraction grating spectrometer 0117A laser diode generates the light required to excite the Raman emission from the sample of evidence 0118Other optical components 0119A spectrometer separates the collected light into its wavelength components 0120A video camera generates a live image of the sample area showing the laser spot 0121Peltier-cooled optical detector 0122An optical detector generates an electrical signal proportional to the intensity of each wavelength component from the spectrometer 0123Control connections 0124Software control of the laser intensity may be available 0125Laser intensity 0126Pull up 0127Push down 0128Controls the laser intensity 0129Intensity range 0130Purpose 0131Laser spot 0132Positioning the sample 0133Recording a spectrum 0134A microscope objective lens delivers the laser excitation light to, and collects the light that is back-scattered from, the sample area 0135The scattered light includes the Raman emission 0136A number of different objective lenses are mounted on a rotatable turret 0137Light shields 0138Raise the light shield 0139Lower the light shield 0140The microscope objective lenses are provided with adjustable light shields which can be raised or lowered, as required 0141In use, the light shields should be carefully lowered as far as the type of sample will allow 0142Stray light may be a problem if the distance between the microscope objective lens and the sample is too great 0143Axis 0144Direction 0145Forwards 0146Backwards 0147Up 0148Down 0149Focussing the sample 0150The sample of evidence for examination rests on a translation stage immediately below the chosen objective lens 0151The translation stage can be moved in three directions 0152Infrared radiation is invisible 0153Item not supplied 0154Release each fuse by using a suitable screwdriver to unscrew the top of the fuse holder 0155Components of the SERRS Kit 0156Keep refrigerated 0157Remove from vacuum flask and place reagents in a refrigerator as soon as possible 0158Do not freeze 0159Disposable tips 0160Vacuum flask 0161SERRS Reagents 0162The SERRS Kit comprises a number of components 0163Vacuum flask containing refrigerated vials of the two SERRS Reagents 0164Adjustable micropipette 0165Disposable pipette tips 0166The micropipette is used for dispensing precise volumes of the SERRS Reagents 0167Refrigerate when not in use 0168Storage temperature 0169Reagent 0170Poly-l-lysine solution 0171Gold colloid 0172Suspended particles 0173Metallic gold 0174Suspension fluid 0175Trace additives 0176Particle diameter 0177Concentration 0178particles 0179The two vials of SERRS reagents have been dispatched in a vacuum flask filled with refrigerated water 0180Remove the vials from the vacuum flask as soon as possible 0181Place the vials in a refrigerator 0182Discard the water from the vacuum flask 0183Retain the vacuum flask for future use 0184Specification and appearance may vary 0185When stored correctly, the product may have a useful service life of 5 – 10 years 0186Incident laser excitation light 0187Raman spectroscopy provides the forensic scientist with a useful tool for the examination and comparison of a variety of trace evidence 0188The method is particularly suitable when only trace samples of material are available and where conventional chemical analysis is impractical 0189Direct comparison of Raman spectra can provide a rapid means of determining whether two samples of evidence can be distinguished from each other 0190Refer to the relevant Application Notes for further details 0191Different versions of the FORAM are available, operating at a variety of laser excitation wavelengths 0192The Raman spectrum will generally exhibit prominent peaks whose Raman shifts (i.e. the differences in wavelength from the laser excitation light) characterise the vibrational frequencies of the chemical bonds in the molecules present 0193The molecular composition of two different materials can therefore be compared by a direct comparison of their Raman shifts 0194Raman scattering 0195Elastically scattered light 0196Wavelength is unchanged 0197Inelastically scattered light 0198Wavelength undergoes a Raman shift to a longer wavelength 0199Laser excitation 0200Irradiating a surface will produce scattered light with a spectrum that is characteristic of the material in the surface 0201Raman Spectroscopy relies on the process of Raman Scattering, an effect named after its discoverer, the Indian scientist C.V. Raman 0202The effect involves the inelastic scattering of light, in which a small proportion of the light scattered from the surface of a material is shifted to a slightly lower frequency (i.e. longer wavelength) by the atomic vibrations within the molecules 0203Raman spectrum 0204Raman shift 0205Polystyrene 0206Raman spectrum of the light scattered from polystyrene showing peaks with characteristic Raman shifts 0207Wavenumber 0208Whilst spectral features are often characterised by their wavelength (nm), Raman shifts are more commonly expressed in wavenumbers, n (cm-1) 0209At the wavelength = 685 nm, a Raman shift n = 1000 cm-1 corresponds to a wavelength shift ≈ 50 nm 0210The FORAM can determine Raman shifts in the range n = 400 – 2000 cm-1 0211Applications Manual 0212In recent years, gel pens have become more commonly used by the general public, in preference to traditional ball point and liquid ink pens 0213Gel pens present new challenges to document examiners since many employ inks which are based on pigments, rather than dyes, which cannot easily be extracted for analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) 0214Several scientific studies have been published reporting the use of Raman spectroscopy to discriminate between gel pens 0215Mazella and Buzzini [1] have applied Raman spectroscopy using two different excitation wavelengths to give a discrimination rate of 68% for pigmented blue gel pens 0216Zieba-Pulus et al [2] utilised a combined Raman/µXRF instrument to analyse a range of materials of forensic interest including blue gel pens 0217In this Application Note, we demonstrate the potential of the Foster + Freeman Raman Spectral Comparator (FORAM) to differentiate blue gel pens 0218Raman spectroscopy involves the scattering of laser light from a target material, the analysis of which provides the user with a spectral “fingerprint” of the molecular composition of the material 0219Gel pens 0220The study reported here involved subjecting inks from 13 different types of blue gel pen to analysis using the FORAM 0221Separate Raman spectra were recorded from each of the inks using each of three laser excitation wavelengths 0222Spectra were baseline-corrected using software containing a propriety fluorescence filter 0223Ref 0224Ink type 0225Unknown 0226Pigment 0227Dye 0228Results and Discussion 0229Raman spectra 0230Blue gel pens 0231Laser wavelength 0232Discrimination rate 0233Many of the spectral pairs showed clear differences, yielding the following visual discrimination rates 0234Number of sample pairs in the study 0235Number of pairs discriminated 0236Note that whilst spectra obtained with longer wavelength excitation can provide additional discrimination, the intensity of the Raman emission becomes progressively weaker as the excitation wavelength lengthens 0237The FOR spectrometer has the ability to discriminate between different types of blue gel pens 0238The use of a number of excitation wavelengths can improve the overall discrimination rate 0239The instrumentation is cost effective, compact and almost free of maintenance 0240Discriminating toners 0241The discrimination of laser printer and photocopiers toner present the document examiner with particular challenges 0242Conventional analytical techniques, such as visible/IR absorption, which are useful in ink examination are not applicable to toners 0243Other techniques, such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, are either quite destructive to the document or are time consuming and expensive 0244The various FTIR techniques which may be applied to toners have been described elsewhere 0245Initially, we attempt to discriminate toner in-situ on the document 0246Subsequently, we extract the acetone soluble components from the toner and deposit the solute onto aluminium foil 0247The solute is then subjected to Raman analysis in the same way 0248Toner samples 0249The study reported here involved subjecting different types of toner to analysis using the FORAM 0250Laser excitation wavelength 0251Spectra were baseline-corrected using a proprietary software fluorescence filter 0252Colour after extraction 0253Toners contain a variety of components 0254Fusible resin 0255Iron oxide 0256Carbon black 0257Dyes 0258Surfactants 0259Charge control agents 0260Typical resins include the following compounds 0261Styrene/butadiene copolymer 0262Styrene ethylhexylacrylate 0263Styrene n-butylacrylate 0264Other copolymers 0265The colour of the toner may be modified by the addition of dyes 0266Nigrosine 0267Victoria blue 0268Methyl violet 0269Pthalocyanines 0270Azo-pigments 0271Quinacridones 0272The charge control agents are often complex organometallic compounds, which also act as dyes, or quaternary ammonium salts (both aromatic and aliphatic) 0273Components of the toner were extracted by immersing a small area of the document (~5 mm2) in 2 ml of acetone (Chromasolv Plus, Sigma Aldrich 650501-1L) for several hours 0274Approximately 0.3 ml of the resulting solution was then applied to a microscope slide covered with aluminium foil and allowed to dry 0275Spectra of the remaining residue were recorded using the FORAM in the usual way 0276The aim of the extraction process was to concentrate the soluble components (resins and dyes) whilst removing possible interference from the insoluble components (carbon black and iron oxide) 0277In situ 0278Toners 0279Most of the spectral pairs showed clear differences 0280Overall visual discrimination rate 0281pairs 0282Toner components 0283Many of the components either yielded no Raman spectrum or fluoresced too intensely to enable one to be obtained 0284Note that the spectrum of Ricoh 7670 correlates well with that of amorphous carbon 0285It is surprising, however, that despite the toner containing as much as 60% resin, no spectral peaks corresponding to the resin component are observed 0286It is likely that the peak at 668 cm-1 in the spectrum of HP 6P LaserJet arises from magnetite 0287Toner residue 0288Note that spectral peaks corresponding to styrene are observed in the spectrum of the extract from Sharp SF800 toner 0289It is assumed that the styrene is present in a copolymer 0290Toner extract 0291The FORAM spectrometer has the ability to discriminate between different types of toner, both in situ on the document, and after extraction into acetone 0292Discrimination rates of 72% and 84% were achieved 0293Since the FORAM spectrometer requires only extremely small amounts of material to obtain a spectrum, the method for extracting and concentrating the toner extracts could be optimised further, thereby reducing the amount of material removed from the document 0294Discriminating printer inks 0295The low cost and ready availability of inkjet printers has greatly increased the frequency with which documents produced by these machines are encountered by document examiners 0296Other techniques, such as chromatography, are not ideal as they often involve the destruction of a small portion of the document 0297Whilst the application of Raman and SERRS spectroscopy to the analysis of questioned documents is widely discussed in the scientific literature [1, 2, 3, 4], the application of these techniques to the analysis of black inkjet inks is somewhat limited 0298Littleford et al [4] have used SERRS spectroscopy to probe the structural changes of the chromophore present in black inkjet inks when deposited onto paper 0299They also give examples of the types of dye that are likely to be found in inkjet inks 0300Ink samples 0301The SERRS technique was effected by applying poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich) and gold colloid (British Biocell) to the ink mark on the document [5] prior to recording each Raman spectrum 0302Inkjet printer 0303Brunelle and Crawford [6] describe the various types of dyes, solvents, dye complexing agents and surfactants typically found in inkjet inks 0304The dye component, which is the component expected to give rise to the spectra shown above, is frequently an azo-dye with a very broad visible absorption profile 0305The differences between the dyes are often due to modification or addition of side chain groups [4] to improve properties such as light fastness or solubility 0306Although it has not been possible to identify the dyes giving rise to the different spectra shown, the small spectral differences observed are consistent with the assertion that the dye molecules have a similar basic molecular structure, but have different side chain groups 0307Further work is needed to prove this assertion 0308ZZZ ZZZ 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