Definition of translation Alexander Fraser Tytler: I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work (1790). Peter Newmark: Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language.  

翻譯名義集自序 法云（1088－1158）：宋平江（今江蘇蘇州）景德寺僧 夫翻譯者，謂翻梵天之語轉(zhuǎn)成漢地之言。音雖似別，義則大同。 宋僧傳云：如翻錦繡，背面俱華，但左右不同耳。譯之言易也， 謂以所有易其所無，故以此方之經(jīng)而顯彼土之法。周禮掌四方之 語，各有其官。東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯。 今通西言而云譯者，蓋漢世多事北方，而譯官兼善西語故。摩騰 始至，而譯《四十二章》，因稱譯也。 《禮記.王制》：“中國，夷，蠻，戎，狄……五方之民，言語不 通，嗜欲不同，達(dá)其志，通其欲：東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰 狄鞮，北方曰譯。”  

譯經(jīng)：許淵沖 Translation is possible, 譯可譯， It’s not transliteration. 非常譯； Neglect the original form, 忘其形， Get the original idea! 得其意。 Getting the idea, 得意， You understand the original; 理解之始； Neglecting the form, 忘形， You express the idea. 表達(dá)之母。  

Be true to the idea, Common in two languages; Be free from the form, Peculiar to the original! Idea and form are, Two sides of one thing. Getting the common idea, Neglecting the original form! That’s the way of translation. 故應(yīng)得意， 以求其同； 故可忘形， 以存其異。 兩者同出， 異名同理。 得意忘形， 求同存異。 翻譯之道。  

Principles of translation Yan Fu(嚴(yán)復(fù)): Truthfulness(信), expressiveness (達(dá)), elegance (雅) 天演論譯例言：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信已大難矣！ 顧信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉。 《易》曰：“修辭立誠”。子曰：“辭達(dá)而 已”。又曰：“言之無文，行之不遠(yuǎn)”。三者 乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。故信、達(dá)而外， 求其爾雅。  

Anlexander Fraser Tytler’s Principles 1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2(世博北京翻譯公司). The style and manner of writing should be the same character with that of the original. 3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.  

Eugene Nida’s functional equivalence Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.  

浮白主人說《笑林》，古人居然笑今人 浮白主人說《笑林》，古人居然笑今人 》， 一青盲人涉訟，自訴眼瞎。官曰：“一雙青白眼，如何詐瞎？”答 曰：“老爺看小人是清白的，小人看老爺是糊涂的。” 《禮記?學(xué)記》： “凡學(xué)之道，嚴(yán)師為難。師嚴(yán)然后道尊，道尊然后民知敬學(xué)。” About learning, the most difficult thing is to find strict teachers. Only when the teachers are strict, can the students appreciate the Tao. Only when the Tao is appreciated, can people respect learning.  

望文生義是大忌，下筆從譯須小心 《中庸?天命章》：“天命之謂性，率性之謂道，修道 之謂教。” （“性”，即人的本性，屬上天所賦予；“道”，即 按照本性行事之法；“教”，即修治其道的教化之 舉。） 辜鴻鳴翻譯如下： The ordinance of God is what we call the law of our being (性). To fulfill the law of our being is what we call the moral law ( 道). The moral law when reduced to a system is what we call religion (教).  

明人夢醒龍在《古今譚概?無術(shù)部第六》 講了這樣一則笑話： 魏博節(jié)度使韓簡，性粗質(zhì)，每對文士， 不曉其說，心常恥之。乃召一士人講 《論語》，至《為政篇》。明日喜謂同 官曰：“近方知：古人稟質(zhì)瘦弱，年至 三十，方能行立。”  

蝴蝶采空三百園，譯人空采園百三 掙破莊周夢， 兩翅駕東風(fēng)， 掙破莊周夢 ， 兩翅駕東風(fēng) ， 三百座名園 一采一個空。 誰道風(fēng)流種， 一采一個空。 誰道風(fēng)流種，唬殺尋芳的 蜜蜂。輕輕飛動，把買花人搧過橋東。 蜜蜂。輕輕飛動，把買花人搧過橋東。 ——元?王和卿《詠大蝴蝶》   翻譯公司 (責(zé)任編輯：世博翻譯公司)