2. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.

　　分析：介詞by 后面的separate…personnel systems, diffusion…special services和the absence of…the government為三個(gè)并列成分。表示缺少詳細(xì)記載的原因。句中一些詞要轉(zhuǎn)譯。

譯文：這個(gè)級(jí)別的聯(lián)邦政府官員和職位沒(méi)有完整的記載。對(duì)此（缺少詳細(xì)記載）所做的解釋可能是，各部門的條例和人事制度各不相同，分布的特殊服務(wù)部門太多并缺少一個(gè)中心機(jī)構(gòu)（總統(tǒng)本人除外）來(lái)管理所有的政府高級(jí)官員。

　　3. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.

　　分析：動(dòng)詞consider 后面的賓語(yǔ)是the wants of the customer。 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句who must buy… 修飾the customer，not the thing …but the thing…是并列成分。

　　譯文：他們不肯充分考慮顧客的需要，顧客必須買的不是他們所希望買的東西，而是英國(guó)紳士想要賣的東西。

4. Green, hilly, with abundant trees, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territory——or would have been, except for the mines.

　　分析：和it was a beautiful country 并列的分句(it) would have been是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，后面省略了a beautiful country。Green, hilly, with abundant trees修飾a beautiful country，放在主句前是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。

　　譯文：一片翠綠，丘陵起伏，林木茂盛，弗吉尼亞州和肯塔基州接界的地區(qū)是一片美麗的山野——要不是有煤礦的話，理應(yīng)如此。

　　5. The lack of insistence on personal honor, the surface informality, the disparaging responses to compliments, and willingness to admit mistakes are part of the egalitarian tradition, as are the Americans’ pride in what they have been able to achieve and their criticism of things that fall short of perfection.

　　分析：該句的主句由四個(gè)并列的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)，即The lack of insistence…,the surface informality, the disparaging responses…和willingness to admit mistakes。另外，值得一提的是， as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句使用了倒裝語(yǔ)序。這是為了保持句子平衡。

　　譯文：美國(guó)人一方面對(duì)所取得的成就感到自豪，一方面又對(duì)未臻完美的事物進(jìn)行批評(píng)，這是其平等主義傳統(tǒng)的一部分；同樣，他們不堅(jiān)持個(gè)人的面子，不拘表面的禮節(jié)，對(duì)別人的稱贊采取自貶的態(tài)度，以及愿意承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，也是其平等主義傳統(tǒng)的一部分。

　　6. The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 　

分析：該句中，to aid in 后面跟了四個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞，而四個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞后又跟了三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)。

　　譯文：廣泛用來(lái)借以對(duì)學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員進(jìn)行選拔、分類、分配任務(wù)或提拔的教育或心理方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試，最近受到了書報(bào)雜志，甚至國(guó)會(huì)的抨擊。

　　7. That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.

　分析：該句中，四個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成并列結(jié)構(gòu)，做狀語(yǔ)。對(duì)前面的表語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

　　譯文：那就是為什么婦女一生都不成熟：從來(lái)都只看見眼前的事情，都只抓住眼前的一刻，都把表面當(dāng)本質(zhì)，都傾心于瑣事而放過(guò)至關(guān)重要的事。

　　8. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.

　　分析：該句有兩個(gè)并列的由and 連接的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，都是由since引導(dǎo)，available to the poor修飾money, purchasable with a given supply of money修飾the amount of power。主句中的從句unless accompanied by other measures分割了is likely和to be ineffective in a wealthy society。 翻譯公司 (責(zé)任編輯：世博翻譯公司)