(2)為了表達(dá)的需要和追求新奇以吸引讀者,新聞?dòng)⒄Z中常會(huì)使用一些新詞(包括舊詞賦新義)和臨時(shí)生造的詞(nonce words),以使文章生動(dòng)活潑,并給人以新奇之感。如gay (同性戀者),basket (一組問題等),unisex (男女共用),hijack (劫持),supercrat (高級(jí)官員),dial in (電話示威),moneywise (在金錢方面),thumbsuck (安撫),sitcom (情景喜劇),Reaganomics (里根經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)),Jazznik (爵士樂迷 ),heartmen (換心人),Euromart (歐洲共同市場),Masscult (大眾文化),atobomb (原子彈),blacketeer (黑市商人)等。在這一點(diǎn)上,新聞?dòng)⒄Z與廣告英語十分相似。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司))新聞?dòng)⒄Z還廣泛借用社會(huì)各界的行業(yè)用語以及外來詞語。如從商業(yè)用語中它吸收借用了a package deal (一攬子交易),從賭博業(yè)中它借用了showdown (攤派),從體育中借用了knockout (擊敗)等。而外來詞語有如:coup de theatre (非常事件,源自法語,),swindler (騙子,源自德語),Zen (禪宗,源自日語),renegade (變節(jié)分子,源自西班牙語),rapport(兩國間的親善關(guān)系,源自法語),macho (偉男氣概,源自西班牙語)等等。
(4)新聞?dòng)⒄Z還大量使用新聞套語,如according to…(eyewitness, AP reports, sources concerned, etc.)(據(jù)目擊者,美聯(lián)社,有關(guān)方面等),informative sources or well-informed source(消息靈通人士),with guarded reserve(持審慎態(tài)度),no comments(無可奉告),on the brink of a breakthrough(即將取得進(jìn)展),quoted as saying (cited as saying)(援引……的話說), in response to allegation in The New York Times(就《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的提法發(fā)表評(píng)論),Not so, not yet(不置可否),preferred not to be identified(不愿透露姓名的)等等。
(5)為節(jié)省篇幅,新聞報(bào)道還常使用縮略詞,如:ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),PC (personal computer),TMD(Theater Missile Defense),memo (memorandum),AIDS (Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome),mod (modern), Lab (Labor), Lib (Liberal), nukes (nuclear weapons), heliport (helicopter airport), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), memo (memorandum), SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 等等。
(二) 句法層面
(1(世博英文翻譯公司))為求得在較小的篇幅內(nèi)容納較多的信息量,新聞?dòng)⒄Z多采用擴(kuò)展的簡單句(expanded simple sentences),其方法是使用定語、狀語、同位語、介詞短語、分詞短語等語言成分來擴(kuò)展簡單句。因此,英語報(bào)刊里經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一個(gè)句子就是一個(gè)段落的情況。而要把眾多的信息包容到里面,在確保句式不過于復(fù)雜的前提下,作者只有大量使用或增加修飾限定詞的數(shù)量。試看下列一則報(bào)道:
LAGOS, Dec. 1(世博英文翻譯公司)5(Reuter) - The Nigerian foreign ministry's offices were completely destroyed by a fire in the center of Lagos Monday night.
Eyewitnesses gave conflicting reports about the number of people injured in the blaze, which firemen suspect was caused by an electrical fault.
One fireman said four people had been rescued from the ministry, suffering from minor injuries. About 1(世博英文翻譯公司)00 firemen were unable to prevent the blaze spreading to buildings beside the seven-storey ministry.
The foreign ministry, which lost many valuable records in the blaze, was due to be moved to a new site shortly.
The building, completely gutted by the blaze, also housed offices of the information ministry and the ministry of science and technology.
(2)廣泛使用直接引語間接引語。這既可增添新聞報(bào)道的真實(shí)性和生動(dòng)性,又可顯示其客觀性。
(3(世博北京翻譯公司))新聞?dòng)⒄Z多用主動(dòng)語態(tài),但為了敘事的客觀和便利,有時(shí)也使用一些被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
(4)正文較多地使用現(xiàn)在時(shí),而標(biāo)題所使用的時(shí)態(tài)則幾乎都是現(xiàn)在時(shí),這可對(duì)讀者產(chǎn)生一種"某事正在發(fā)生"的印象,從而增強(qiáng)其真實(shí)感和現(xiàn)實(shí)感。例如:China Starts WAP Service. / Longevity star dies at 1(世博英文翻譯公司)1(世博英文翻譯公司)0.
(5)標(biāo)題中常使用省略句。像冠詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞等常在標(biāo)題中省略,這既可節(jié)省版面,又可使新聞的風(fēng)格顯得簡潔明快。如:House and Senate Pursuing Efforts to Reduce Deficit (The New York Times) = The House of Representatives and the Senate are pursuing the efforts to reduce the deficit.
(三)語篇層面
在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上,英語新聞?dòng)衅鋺T常使用的布局,即標(biāo)題(headline),導(dǎo)語(lead),正文(body),結(jié)語(conclusion)。英語的標(biāo)題通常十分簡潔,幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞即可點(diǎn)明其報(bào)道內(nèi)容的要旨。導(dǎo)語一般為新聞的第一句話,它通常提綱挈領(lǐng)地點(diǎn)明該條新聞的主要內(nèi)容(即who,what, when, where, why or how)。正文部分則對(duì)整個(gè)事件作進(jìn)一步的詳細(xì)說明,在先后排列順序上,一般是比較重要的內(nèi)容在前,較次要的在后,即形成一種倒金字塔形的結(jié)構(gòu)(the inverted pyramid form)。這樣,讀者如有時(shí)間則可以將全文讀完,如無時(shí)間則只需瀏覽一下較靠前面的部分以迅速了解該新聞的要旨,同時(shí)編輯也可很方便地決定取舍。當(dāng)然,由于報(bào)道的事件的性質(zhì)各異,作者也有采用順時(shí)敘述法(the chronological method)或其它方法的。在新聞的最后是結(jié)語部分,該部分通常對(duì)整個(gè)事件進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮并做出結(jié)論。
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